Birthdate: 1105 AD
Birthplace: Siena, Italy
Died: August 30, 1181
Pope Alexander III, also known as Roland, led the Catholic Church and Papal States from 1159 to 1181. His papacy was marked by struggles with contested elections and competing papal claimants, notably with Holy Roman Emperor Frederick I Barbarossa. Nevertheless, Alexander III declined opportunities to resolve the East-West Schism, endorsed the Northern Crusades, and organized the Third Council of the Lateran. He was honored by having the city of Alessandria named after him in Piedmont.
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